RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição da suplementação da ractopamina pelo uso dos óleos de coco ou cártamo nas dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados mestiços com peso médio de 78,00±8,76 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, contendo quatro tratamentos e seis repetições compostos por: Ração Basal (RB); RB + 10 ppm de ractopamina; RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de cártamo e RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de coco. Na avaliação do desempenho foi observado o efeito (P<0,05) da suplementação das dietas com óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. As variáveis relacionadas com as carcaças também foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P<0,05), sendo a espessura de toucinho 3 (ET3) reduzida pelo uso do óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco. Na avaliação da área de olho de lombo foram observados efeitos positivos (P<0,05), com maiores valores para os tratamentos suplementados com ractopamina, óleo de coco e com óleo de cártamo, quando comparados com a dieta controle. As dietas também afetaram o perfil dos ácidos graxos (P<0,05) de forma positiva, com a redução do ácido míristico do toucinho nas dietas com ractopamina e óleo de cártamo e aumento na deposição dos ácidos graxos palmitoleico e oleico do lombo nas dietas suplementadas com óleo de coco e cártamo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que tanto o óleo de coco quanto o de cártamo podem ser utilizados como substitutos da ractopamina.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to explore the substitution of ractopamine by coconut or safflower oil in finishing pig diets. The study included 24 crossbred barrows weighing 78.00 ± 8.76 kg distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates composed of: basal ration (BR), BR + 10 ppm ractopamine, BR + four 1 g capsules of safflower oil, and BR + four 1 g capsules of coconut oil. Performance evaluation showed that safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil supplementation had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass-related variables were also affected by the treatments (P < 0.05), with fat thickness 3 (FT3) reduced by the use of safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil. Rib eye area was positively affected (P < 0.05) by diet, with ractopamine, coconut oil, and safflower oil supplementation treatments showing higher values than control diet treatment. The diets also affected fatty acid profiles (P < 0.05), with decreased myristic acid content in animals supplemented with ractopamine and safflower oil and increased deposition of palmitoleic and oleic acids in animals supplemented with coconut oil and safflower oil, respectively. Results suggested that both safflower oil and coconut oil can be used as substitutes for ractopamine.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of canola and coconut oils to diets of European quail (Coturnix coturnix) over performance and carcass yield. One hundred and ninety-two quail (eight-days old) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. The treatments were arranged in a factorial 2×2 scheme with two sources of dietary oil containing two levels of canola and coconut oils (1 and 2%). For performance variables, the final weight was evaluated, and the carcass variables were feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion. A significant difference was observed between treatments for feed intake, with the inclusion of 2% canola oil providing higher intake. There was also significant effect for carcass characteristics on weight at fasting, eviscerated carcass, liver and gizzard weights, as well as liver, heart, and gizzard yields. The inclusion of vegetable oil such as canola and coconut oils in diets for European quail at the levels of 1 and 2% can be performed with no negative effect on performance from 8 to 42 days of age.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of qualitative dietary restriction diet on carcass characteristics, meat quality, fatty acid profile, and performance of finishing pigs fed diets containing cashew bagasse bran. Forty pigs (20 females and 20 males) with initial weight of 60.00±5.24 kg of body weight (BW) were used. The diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, cashew bagasse bran, vegetable oil, and mineral and vitamin mixture for finishing pigs. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments and four replicates, with two animals per experimental unit, one of each sex. Parameters related to performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acids profiles were used. The treatments used in the experiment did not affect feed intake and daily weight gain; however, in relation to feed conversion, a linear effect was observed with the increase of cashew bagasse bran levels in the diet. The same effects were also observed in carcass yield, backfat thickness, and fat area. The meat:fat ratio increased linearly with the increase of fiber in the diet. The level of 22.5% of cashew bagasse bran in finishing pig diets is recommended.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine prediction equations to estimate the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of animal meals used in broiler diets through meta-analysis. A bibliographic review was undertaken with studies conducted in Brazil from 2000 to 2016 to catalogue information on AMEn values and the following chemical elements in the composition of the feedstuffs: crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), mineral matter (MM), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Groups were also catalogued and formed according to sex and age of birds. Chemical correlations were analyzed, and a multiple linear regression model with the stepwise procedure was used to examine the association between the variables, which were included in the equation as a function of their importance. High and significant correlation coefficients between the independent (GE, MM, CP, EE, Ca, and P) and dependent variable (AMEn) contribute to the understanding of variations in the energy values of these feedstuffs. According to the coefficients of determination, the best equations to estimate AMEn of poultry offal meal and meat and bone meal are AMEn = 6139 − 45.5 CP + 0.356 GE − 123.5 MM ( R 2 = 0.8302 ) and AMEn = 2267 + 19.9 CP + 67.9 EE − 44.4 MM ( R 2 = 0.9021 ) , respectively.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of cashew bagasse bran as well as the performance of swine fed diets with different levels of inclusion of this by-product and their economic viability. In the digestibility trial, ten crossbred barrows weighing 60±6.86 kg were housed in metabolic cages. Five received standard feed and five received test feed with 300 g kg−1 cashew bagasse bran included. For the performance and economic viability study, forty crossbred pigs weighing 60±5.24 kg were allotted in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 g kg−1 inclusion of cashew bagasse bran) and four replications. Daily feed intake, daily gain, feed conversion, partial gross income with and without allowance index, and partial net income with and without allowance index were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. The treatment with 75 g kg−1 cashew bagasse bran provided the best results. Cashew bagasse bran can be included in the diet of finishing pigs up to the level of 300 g kg−1 without adversely affecting animal performance.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do caldo de cana desidratado (CCD) no desempenho, na qualidade de carcaça e no índice econômico de codornas ( Coturnix coturnix) europeias, no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 192 codornas de corte com 22 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de oito aves. Foram adicionados 0, 1,5, 3,0 e 4,5% de CCD na ração. Avaliou-se a viabilidade econômica da inclusão dos níveis de CCD nas rações por meio da margem bruta relativa das dietas. No período de 29 a 35 dias de idade, houve efeito linear crescente para o consumo de ração com o aumento de CCD na ração. No entanto, houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de CCD sobre o peso da carcaça, da coxa+sobrecoxa e da gordura abdominal, e os níveis ótimos estimados foram de 1,69, 2,50 e 2,34%, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear decrescente dos níveis de CCD sobre o peso de peito com e sem pele. A análise econômica indicou maior lucro ao produtor com uso da ração convencional. Entretanto, entre os níveis de inclusão de CCD, o de 1,5% apresentou os melhores resultados, com uma diferença de 0,47% na margem de lucro em relação à ração convencional. A adição de 1,69 e 2,50% de caldo de cana desidratado na ração é recomendada para atingir maior peso de carcaça e coxa+sobrecoxa em codornas de corte, respectivamente.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dehydrated cane juice (DCJ) on the performance, carcass quality, and economic index of European quails ( Coturnix coturnix), during the period from 22 to 42 days of age. One hundred and ninety-two quails with 22 days of age were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and six replicates of eight birds each. DCJ was added at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% in the feed. The economic feasibility of including DCJ levels in the feed was evaluated through relative gross margin. In the period from 29 to 35 days of age, there was increased linear effect of feed intake with the increase of DCJ in the feed. However, there was a quadratic effect of DCJ levels on carcass, drumstick+thigh, and abdominal fat weights, and the estimated optimum levels were 1.69, 2.50, and 2.34%, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect of DCJ levels on breast weight with and without skin. Economic analysis showed higher profits to the producer with the use of conventional feed. However, among the DCJ levels of inclusion, the level of 1.5% showed the best results, with a difference of 0.47% in relative gross margin when compared to the conventional feed. The addition of 1.69 and 2.50% of dehydrated cane juice in the feed is recommended to achieve higher carcass and drumstick+thigh weights in meat quails, respectively.

Um experimento com codornas japonesas na fase de produção de ovos foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de metionina + cistina digestível para maior produção e melhor qualidade dos ovos. Foram utilizadas 240 aves distribuídas em delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, alimentadas com uma ração basal suplementada com DL metionina, de forma a se obterem 0,55; 0,61; 0,67; 0,73 e 0,79% de metionina + cistina digestível. As características de desempenho analisadas foram consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), produção de ovos (%), peso (g) e massa de ovo (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar (g de ração/g de ovos e kg de ração/dúzia de ovos), casca de ovo (% e g), albúmen (% e g), gema (% e g) e gravidade específica (g/cm³). O nível de metionina + cistina digestível para codornas japonesas é de 0,696%, que corresponde a consumo diário de 186,7 mg/ave.

This experiment was carried with Japanese quails in the egg production phase with the objective of determining the requirements of digestible methionine + cystine (M+C) for higher production and egg quality. A total of 240 Japanese quails were distributed in a randomized complete block design. The basal diet was supplemented with different DL-methionine levels, corresponding to digestible methionine + cystine levels of 0.55, 0.61, 0.67, 0.73 and 0.79%. The characteristics analyzed were feed intake (g/quail/day), egg production (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g/quail/day), feed conversion (dozen eggs/egg mass and kg feed/dozen eggs), egg shell (% and g), albumen (% and g), yolk (% and g) and specific gravity (g/cm³). The digestible M+C level for Japanese quails was 0.696% in the diet, corresponding to a daily intake of 186.7 mg/quail.

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de níveis crescentes de energia metabolizável e de óleo de soja sobre a composição bromatológica do ovo, o teor de lipídios totais e de colesterol e o perfil de ácidos graxos na gema. Foram utilizadas 360 poedeiras comerciais da linhagem Bovans Goldline, com 29 semanas de idade, durante três períodos de 28 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial duplo 3 × 3, com três níveis de óleo de soja (1, 2 e 3%) e três de energia metabolizável na ração (2.600, 2.750 e 2.900 kcal/kg), totalizando nove dietas com cinco repetições de oito aves. Não foi observada interação níveis de óleo de soja × energia metabolizável. Os níveis de energia metabolizável não influenciaram nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Os teores de umidade, cinzas e proteína na gema e na clara e os teores de lipídio e colesterol na gema não foram afetados pelos níveis de óleo de soja da dieta, enquanto os teores dos ácidos linoléico (C18:3) e linolênico (C18:2) responderam de forma linear. Justifica-se a utilização de 2,600 kcal EM/kg e de 3% de óleo de soja em dietas para poedeiras com consumo de 120 g/ave/dia, uma vez que essa estratégia de alimentação melhora o perfil de ácidos graxos do ovo.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of increasing metabolizable energy and soybean oil levels on the egg chemical composition, total lipids and cholesterol contents and fatty acids profile in the egg yolk. Three hundred and sixty 29 week-old Bovans Goldline semi-heavy commercial layers were used during three periods of 28 days. A completely randomized design were used in a 3 × 3 double factorial arrangement with three soybean oil levels (1, 2 and 3%) and three metabolizable energy levels in the diet (2,600, 2,750 and 2,900 kcal/kg), totalizing nine diets with five replicates of eight birds. No interaction soybean oil × metabolizable energy levels was observed. The metabolizable energy levels did not affect any of the determined characteristics. The moisture, ash and protein contents in the egg yolk and albumen and the lipid and cholesterol contents in the yolk were not affected by the soybean oil levels in the diet, while linoleic acid (C18:3) and linolenic acid (C18:2) levels responded linearly. The use of 2,600 kcal ME/kg and 3% of soybean oil in the diet of laying hens with consumption of 120 g/bird/day is justifiable, since this feeding strategy improves the fatty acids profile of the egg.

Objetivou-se estimar as exigências nutricionais de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas em postura. Foram utilizadas 240 codornas distribuídas em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, cada um com seis repetições de oito aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal deficiente em lisina e suplementada com L-lisina.HCL, de modo a apresentar 0,88; 0,96; 1,04; 1,12 ou 1,20% de lisina digestível. Avaliaram-se o consumo de ração (CR), a produção de ovos (PR), o peso (PO) e a massa (MO) do ovo, a conversão alimentar por massa (CMO) e por dúzia (CDZ) de ovos, os pesos de albúmen (PA), gema (PG) e casca (PC), as porcentagens de albúmen (%A), gema (%G) e casca (%C) e a gravidade específica (GE) dos ovos. O nível de lisina digestível da ração influenciou o consumo de ração, enquanto a produção de ovos respondeu de forma quadrática aos níveis de lisina. As demais variáveis analisadas não foram influenciadas pelo nível de lisina digestível da ração. A exigência de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas em postura foi estimada em 1,03% da ração, que corresponde a um consumo diário de 292 mg de lisina digestível.

The objective was to estimate the nutritional requirements of digestible lysine for Japanese laying quails. Two hundred and forty Japanese quails were allotted to a completely randomized block designs, with five diets, with six replications of eight birds each. Diets consisted of a basal ration deficient in lysine and supplemented with five levels 0.88, 0.96, 1.04, 1.12 or 1.20%) of digestible lysine. Feed consumption, egg production, egg weight and egg mass, feed conversion by egg mass (FCEM) and by dozen egg were evaluated. It was also evaluated, albumen weight, yolk weight and shell weight, percentages of albumen, yolk and shell and egg specific gravity. Dietary digestible lysine level linearly influenced feed intake, while egg production was affected in a quadratic faction by digestible lysine levels. The other characteristics were not affected by dietary digestible lysine levels. Dietary digestible lysine requirement for Japanese laying quails was estimated in 1.03%, which correspond to a daily intake of 292 mg of digestible lysine.

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a influência da adição de óleo de linhaça em substituição ao óleo de soja em rações para poedeiras semipesadas sobre o desempenho e a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos. Utilizaram-se 192 poedeiras da linhagem Bovans Godline com 29 semanas de idade, distribuídas em seis tratamentos, que consistiram de uma dieta controle (sem óleo vegetal) e de cinco dietas contendo 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0% de óleo de linhaça em substituição, respectivamente, a 100, 75, 50, 25 ou 0% do óleo de soja. Avaliaram-se a produção (PROD), o peso (PO) e a massa de ovo (MO), as conversões por massa (CMO) e por dúzia de ovos (CDZ), os pesos e as porcentagens de albúmen, gema e casca, a gravidade específica, os teores de matéria seca, cinzas e proteína do albúmen e da gema e o teor de colesterol e a coloração da gema. A produção, o peso do ovo, a massa de ovo e as conversões por massa e por dúzia de ovos, bem como a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos, não foram influenciados pelos níveis de óleo de linhaça na ração. Do mesmo modo, não houve efeito da inclusão de óleo de linhaça sobre a composição química dos ovos e somente a coloração da gema foi intensificada quando utilizados níveis acima de 1% de óleo de linhaça na dieta. A adição de até 2% de óleo de linhaça na ração não altera o desempenho de poedeiras semipesadas nem a qualidade interna e externa e o teor de colesterol dos ovos.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of the linseed oil addition in replacement of soybean oil in laying hens diets on performance and internal and external egg quality. A total of 192 laying hens Bovans Godline line with 29 week-old, were distributed to six treatments, that consisted of a control diet (without vegetal oil) and of five diets containing 2% of linseed oil in replacement of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of soybean oil, generating levels of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % of linseed oil in the diets. The evaluated parameters were: production (PROD), egg weight (EW) and mass (EM), feed:egg mass ratio (FEM) and feed:egg dozen ratio (FED), albumen, yolk and shell weights and percentages, specific gravity, albumen and yolk dry matter, ashes and protein, yolk cholesterol and coloration. The production , EW, EM, FEM and FED, as for internal and external egg quality, were not influenced by the linseed oil levels in the diet. Likewise, no effect was observed on egg chemical composition and only yolk coloration was intensified with the levels above 1% of linseed oil in the diet. The addition of up to 2% f linseed oil on diet did not alter the performance on semi-heavy laying hens, and the internal and external egg quality and cholesterol.